# Machines --- ## Definitions in English > A [Machine](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/machine) is a [device](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/device) that directs and controls [energy](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/energy#English), often in the form of [movement](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/movement#English) or [electricity](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/electricity#English), to produce a certain [effect](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/effect). A [computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#Digital_computers) is a type of machine and so is a robot, car, bicycle, drone or an autonomous system. > A [computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer) is a [machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine) that can be [programmed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming) to automatically carry out sequences of [arithmetic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic) or [logical operations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_operations) ([computation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computation)). > Modern [digital electronic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_electronic) computers can perform generic sets of operations known as [programs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program), which enable computers to perform a wide range of tasks. > A computer system > - includes the [hardware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware), [operating system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system), [software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software), and [peripheral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral) equipment needed and used for full operation; > - or to a group of computers that are linked and function together, such as a [computer network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network) or [computer cluster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_cluster), > - whose newest manifestation is [cloud computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing). > - Cloud computing is "a paradigm for enabling network access to a scalable and elastic pool of shareable physical or virtual resources with self-service provisioning and administration on-demand," according to [ISO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization). --- ## Computer Architecture <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Von_Neumann_Architecture.svg/680px-Von_Neumann_Architecture.svg.png" width="200" align="right" alt="Von Neumann architecture"> - [von Neumann Architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture) gives the model of a computer with a central processing unit (CPU), memory unit and I/O devices (right) <iframe src="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_architecture" height="500" width="100%" title="Computer Architecture"></iframe> <!-- > A [computer architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_architecture) is the structure of a computer system made from component parts. It can sometimes be a high-level description that ignores details of the implementation. --> --- ## Computer Hardware > [Computer hardware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware) includes the physical parts of a [computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer), such as the [central processing unit (CPU)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit), [random-access memory (RAM)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit), [motherboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard), [computer data storage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storage), [graphics card](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_card), sound card, and computer case. It includes external devices such as a monitor, mouse, keyboard, and speakers. <iframe src="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware" height="500" width="100%" title="Computer hardware"></iframe> --- ## Central Processing Unit > A central processing unit (CPU), also called a central processor, main processor, or just processor, is the primary processor in a given computer. <iframe src="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit" height="500" width="100%" title="Proprietary software"></iframe> --- ## Computer Memory > Computer memory stores information, such as data and programs, for immediate use in the computer. <iframe src="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_memory" height="500" width="100%" title="Proprietary software"></iframe> --- ## Multi-Core Processor > A multi-core processor (MCP) is a microprocessor on a single integrated circuit (IC) with two or more separate central processing units (CPUs), called cores to emphasize their multiplicity (for example, dual-core or quad-core). <iframe src="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-core_processor" height="500" width="100%" title="Proprietary software"></iframe> --- ## Graphics Processing Unit > A graphics processing unit (GPU) is a specialized electronic circuit designed for digital image processing... GPUs were later found to be useful for non-graphic calculations involving embarrassingly parallel problems due to their parallel structure. > The ability of GPUs to rapidly perform vast numbers of calculations has led to their adoption in diverse fields including artificial intelligence (AI) where they excel at handling data-intensive and computationally demanding tasks. <iframe src="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" height="500" width="100%" title="Proprietary software"></iframe> --- ## Computer Software > [Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_software) consists of [computer programs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program) that instruct the [execution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_(computing)) of a [computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer). <iframe src="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_software" height="500" width="100%" title="Computer software"></iframe> --- ## Operating System > An [operating system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system) (OS) is [system software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_software) that manages [computer hardware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware) and [software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software) resources, and provides common [services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemon_(computing)) for [computer programs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program). <iframe src="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system" height="500" width="100%" title="Iframe Example"></iframe> > [Android](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)), [iOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS), and [iPadOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPadOS) are mobile operating systems, while [Microsoft Windows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows), [macOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS), and [Linux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux) are desktop operating systems. [Linux distributions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution) are dominant in the server and supercomputing sectors. > [HarmonyOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarmonyOS) (HMOS) (Chinese: 鸿蒙; pinyin: Hóngméng; trans. "Vast Mist") is a [distributed operating system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_operating_system) developed by Huawei for smartphones, tablets, smart TVs, smart watches, personal computers and other smart devices. --- ## IP, Copyright & License <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Software_Categories_expanded.svg/600px-Software_Categories_expanded.svg.png" width="200" align="right" alt="Software categories"> - [Intellectual property (IP)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property) is a category of [property](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property) that includes intangible creations of the human intellect. - A [copyright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright) is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the exclusive legal right to copy, distribute, adapt, display, and perform a creative work, usually for a limited time. - [Software copyright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_copyright) is the application of [copyright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright) in [law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law) to [machine-readable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine-readable_medium) [software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software). - A software license is a legal instrument governing the use or redistribution of software. <iframe src="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_license" height="500" width="100%" title="Proprietary software"></iframe> --- ## Linux, GPL and Distros <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Tux.svg" width="50" align="left" alt="OS"></a> > Linux (/ˈlɪnʊks/ LIN-uuks) is a family of [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source) [Unix-like](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix-like) operating systems based on the [Linux kernel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel), an [operating system kernel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)) first released on September 17, 1991, by [Linus Benedict Torvalds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds). Linux is typically [packaged](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_manager) as a [Linux distribution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution) (distro), which includes the kernel and supporting [system software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_software) and [libraries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_(computing))—most of which are provided by third parties—to create a complete operating system, designed as a clone of [Unix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix) and released under the [copyleft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyleft) [GPL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPL) license. <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/GPLv3_Logo.svg" width="100" align="right" alt="OS"></a> We will use [Ubuntu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu) and [Alpine Linux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_Linux) distros in [docker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docker_(software)) [containers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating-system-level_virtualization). --- ## Dive Deeper: Linux > [Linux distributions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution) are dominant in the server and supercomputing sectors. <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Unix_timeline.en.svg/1120px-Unix_timeline.en.svg.png" width="300" align="left" alt="OS"> <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Linux_kernel_ubiquity.svg/1120px-Linux_kernel_ubiquity.svg.png" width="350" align="right" alt="OS"> <iframe src="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" height="500" width="100%" title="Iframe Example"></iframe> --- ## Cluster Computing > A computer cluster is a set of computers that work together so that they can be viewed as a single system. <iframe src="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_cluster" height="500" width="100%" title="Proprietary software"></iframe> --- ## Cloud Computing > The newest manifestation of cluster computing is cloud computing. <iframe src="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing" height="500" width="100%" title="Proprietary software"></iframe> --- ## Service Models > <iframe src="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#Service_models" height="500" width="100%" title="Proprietary software"></iframe> --- ## Cloud Computing Vendors <iframe src="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#Cloud_Computing_Vendors" height="500" width="100%" title="Proprietary software"></iframe> --- ## Vendor Lock-In <iframe src="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendor_lock-in" height="500" width="100%" title="Proprietary software"></iframe> --- ## Anatomy of an AI System > The Amazon Echo as an anatomical map of human labor, data and planetary resources, by Kate Crawford and Vladan Joler <iframe src="https://anatomyof.ai/" height="500" width="100%" title="Proprietary software"></iframe> --- ## Exercise - Deep Dive into Amazon Echo by reading [https://anatomyof.ai/](https://anatomyof.ai/) ~1h
